فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 53 (بهار 1402)

Iran is a country prone to earthquakes in which so many cities have experienced earthquakes in far and near past. Although there is a high potential for earthquakes to be destructive, the level of losses and damages of them is not solely dependent on the magnitude and the location of the earthquake, or physical aspects of buildings and urban areas. In the analysis of the impacts of natural hazards, three broad categories have been defined: 1) focus on natural hazard's biophysical impacts because of the place it occurs; 2) focus on hazard's impacts on societies that experience the hazard because of the social characteristics of those societies and 3) an approach that takes into account both of impacts. This article takes the second approach to analyze the effects of natural hazards. In this approach, social characteristics of the communities and societies, in which earthquake happens, come to center stage. Social vulnerability is one of the important aspects of earthquake risks and consequences. In addition, the progress of communication and transportation technologies and an increase in agricultural production surplus because of the Industrial Revolution has caused many rural settlers to migrate to cities. The increasing population raise in cities has led to many economic, social and environmental consequences, of which excessive horizontal and leapfrog development (which is called urban sprawl in scientific literature) is one. In this article urban sprawl is defined as: "unplanned, far-from-center and automobile-accessed growth of cities which has environmental, economic and social effects and is characterized by low density, segregation of land-uses and limited accessibility". In this research, at first theoretical literature of urban sprawl and social vulnerability were reviewed and the indicators for measuring them were chosen (13 for urban sprawl and 7 for social vulnerability) and the relevant data for Qazvin was extracted by using national census data and Geographic Information System (GIS). Then explorative factor analysis for eigenvalues bigger than 1 was conducted by using SPSS software and the indicators for sprawl were categorized into 4 factors: “density”, “configuration”, “land-use” and “accessibility” (70.22% of variance explained), and the indicators for social vulnerability were grouped in 1 factor: social vulnerability (66.9% of variance explained). Then the maps for each factor of sprawl and two main topics (sprawl and social vulnerability) were made. The correlation analysis was conducted on four factors of sprawl, social vulnerability factor (which is representative of social vulnerability altogether) and sprawl as a whole. The results show that from 4 factors of sprawl, just density factor has a significant correlation (0.801) with social vulnerability. Sprawl is also significantly (although weaker) correlated to social vulnerability (0.44). In addition, regression analysis showed that four factors of sprawl can explain 67.6% of the variance of social vulnerability. The relation between social vulnerability and density/sprawl is positive/negative, i.e. by an increase in density/decrease in sprawl, social vulnerability increases. Finally, the maps of sprawl and social vulnerability in Qazvin city districts and the map of potential districts for development are shown based on the correlation of sprawl and social vulnerability.

The first thing that comes to mind when residential areas in the culture of contemporary Iranian architecture are studied is that achieving higher quality in residential environments is a necessity given the said point. Identifying the main factors that affect quality improvement, providing a model for quality measurement in the residential environment, and then prioritizing indexes is essential. Not only does this method study the issue of quality from the perspective of residents living in the selected complex, but also it can be used in quality improvement policies and strategies of residential environments. Therefore, this article considers three main factors: capability of intermediate spaces, quality of architectural design, and personal characteristics of residents in question. This article analyzed the relationship between these factors and the quality of residential complexes. Further, it determined environmental quality based on residents’ needs and expectations by providing a four-level model for measuring quality in residential complexes and measuring indicators from residents. Then, it identified the principal indicators in quality improvement of the environment by prioritizing indicators. This measurement used t-test, correlation, and factor analysis. The results obtained in the field of research hypotheses showed that there is a significant correlation between the indicators of the duration of residence, level of education, age and type of ownership (in the individual characteristics of residents), the ability of intermediate spaces, and the quality of architects’ design with the quality of the residential environment. The results showed that the residents of Vahdat Beton Complex are not satisfied with the quality of their residential environment. The quality score showed that the most dissatisfaction is with the area of the residential complex. Also, the consequence of the significant coefficient demonstrated that the area of the residential unit should be considered by the city officials, as their top priority. The results of the analysis of the elements that make up the quality of the environment showed that space 2 at the level of the neighborhood unit, space 2 at the level of the residential complex, and space 3 at the level of the residential unit is more important spaces for the residents. Moreover, the lowest level of residents’ satisfaction is with the accessibility at the level of the residential complex and the observance of privacy, overlooking, and visual pleasure at the level of the residential unit. Prioritization of measures to improve the quality of the environment showed that space 3, at the level of the neighborhood unit, space 2 at the level of a residential complex, spaces 1 & 3 at the level of the residential unit are the most important spaces for improving the quality of buildings. It also showed that indicators of green space and social livelihood in space 2, visual pleasure and sensual richness in space 3 of neighborhood unit level, accessibility, and readability in space3, green space and controlling the entry of strangers to the complex in space 1 of residential complex level, green space, and belonging in space 3, privacy and overlooking in space 1 of the residential unit level.

Interdisciplinary studies linking art, philosophy, and theories of contemporary semiotics have opened a new path and vision to art explorations. The significance of meaning in artworks caused other disciplines to appear in art studies. This transformation implied that meaning in artworks is not an objective and evident component, requiring interpretation and analysis. Meaning can be transferred between different artistic media. Studying the relationship between architecture and painting is considered an essential interdisciplinary field of research. Architectural space is a media manifesting as a painting in its interaction with the artist.These studies have raised a profound understanding of the artwork's meaning. In addition, providing a scientific knowledge of art has made them well known. Moreover, there is a need for interdisciplinary comprehension of art with social and human approaches. The present article aims to examine the role of architectural space in the creation of paintings with an emphasis on interdisciplinary studies. The main question is, "considering painting a text entailing semiotic codes, what semantic approaches to architectural space can affect it through profound exploration of the spatial layers, and how can a painting be read? ".The general justification of this article is to explain and describe the relationship between architecture and other types of art, especially painting.Although architectural structures and spaces are a combination of applied and functional approaches, they can be studied as artworks to yield an interactive synergy between their aesthetic and semantic layers concerning other subcategories of art, such as painting. Moreover, in the next step, the paper discusses the meaning layers of the space in artists' minds. When painting, the artist detaches from the real world, reaching a clearer understanding of the mind's reality through an experimental journey.This mental projection involves new manifestations of spatial visualization within the image.The article used a qualitative approach to research based on an interdisciplinary study of architecture and painting. In the first section, spatial codes are embedded in different layers according to the space approach; then, a theoretical framework is introduced based on layered semiotics to read the spatial implications of the case studied.Given the apparent representation of architectural space in Iran Darroudi's artworks, we have selected her paintings (Everlasting Marriage; Steadfastness; Stupor of the Plain and Thirst of Desert) and collected primary data using a library-survey method.The results showed that the architectural space, transformed into a system of meaningful places for the artist, can be manifested in the painting as spatial codes. The painter expresses her idea of ​​the urban space in spatial signs in the form of isotopia, heterotopia, or utopia, which can be read in syntagmatic layers.In the textual and media layers, the physical reading of space is matched with the architectural typology method. In a principled correlation, spatial approaches are decoded in the code and text layer. Finally, spatial-phenomenological relations are identified from the painter's existential space in the intertextuality-coding layer. These may be read in textual, intertextuality, and coding layers, as well as semiotics, phenomenology, and typology.

Housing has always been a context to satisfy diverse human needs based on social, climatic, cultural and economic changes. In this age, rapid development in technology and human sciences has resulted in different lifestyle changes and new demands requiring appropriate responses. On the other hand, the increasing efforts of traders to speed up the construction process have led to further reduced quality and neglect of housing. This is the reason why in this era, modern man urgently needs a space appropriate to his lifestyle, a home in which a person can respond to such rapid changes because a person during her life may change her place of residence according to the conditions, economically, socially, culturally and in terms of changes in family structure. Flexible housing can be considered a solution to diverse aspects of human life. It can provide a scheme to meet the demands of residents. This study, in response to three questions about the relationship between the spatial organization of housing and the lifestyle of residents.   Secondary understanding of the factors affecting flexible housing and how it relates to lifestyle, thirdly priorities for different types of flexible solutions depending on lifestyle.This investigation aimed to classify and prioritize flexible housing criteria in relation to lifestyle. The design of this study was the analytical–descriptive method. First, library studies were conducted, followed by accurate Internet search and library studies. A wide range of research on these fields has been collected and analyzed. Strategies of flexible housing and spatial organization were extracted and categorized. As well as lifestyle, components were examined. A thorough questionnaire defined the priorities of the relationship between flexibility criteria and lifestyle, the sample size of the study was 416 residents of the Tehran Province.Data were analyzed using SPSS software, and Pearson’s correlation test was performed to determine the significance. Results demonstrated that the correlation relationship between neutral space (p-value * 0.538) and lifestyle is the heist priority. Multifunctional space (p-value* 0.481) stands in the second order. Partition able (p-value** 0.432)   in housing is the next priority. Among the factors of the neutral space, the possibility of multiple functions and handling personal affairs in family reunification are the preferred strategies over others. Combinability with 0.417 and extendibility with 0.396 also indicate a weak relationship compared to other characteristics, while separately in the flexibility section, regardless of lifestyle, extendibility had a higher priority, but with the effect of proximity propositions. The home of a married child to the paternal home, spending time with the family and having a private space for each family member that affects lifestyle and development has diminished the importance of this component. Another reason partitionable is preferable to extendibility is the possibility of multifunctional space and personal affairs with the family. Demographic changes are the basic factor of lifestyle effects on designing housing to meet the aged people and children’s requirements. In addition, three design techniques for spatial organization are established in previous works.

During the present century, the term location with its extensive range of meanings has been presented in almost all architectural spaces. Building of location has incarnated implications and beliefs of human beings and has a deep relationship with their existence. For a location to remain in the public minds, it must attract a vast majority of addresses and create a sense of attachment to itself. Sense of attachment is a sense of space that individuals feel themselves as a part of it and where they find their desires and transactions. Thus, space in this sense of location turns into a context for individuals’ social memories and meanings. One of the problems considered in today’s cities is the low quality of citizens’ life. This lack of quality results from inattention to location and its meaning; A location which relates humans with other layers of their existence and these layers help humans recognize their environment that leads to a general feeling to space in the addresses. This general feeling which is created after perception and judgment of a particular environment in person is called sense of location which is an important factor in creating coordination between the individual and the particular environment, better use of the environment, user’s satisfaction and finally a sense of attachment to environment and a continuous presence in it.Sense of attachment is a strong connection and a significant factor among people and location. This connection is positive and leads to an expanded deep relationship and individual’s interaction with the environment which can be more extended by the passage of time. In fact, sense of attachment is a human sublime feeling by which the individual and the environment interact with each other. This feeling finally leads to create individual, environmental and social deep connections. Based on ideas of existentialism, sense of attachment is a preliminary and essential need of humans which they try to satisfy. Different degrees of this feeling in architectural spaces has been accompanied by different feelings and reactions including different classifications in architectural spaces such as sacrifice for location, interest in location and commitment to location. As a result, creating a sense of attachment in architectural spaces leads to transforming them into meaningful locations for individuals and developing environmental-human connections and changing the space to a meaningful and lasting environment which will lead to the formation of a permanent location in the memories of human beings as well as their continuous presence. In this study which aims to retrieve  and introduce the role of each element and component forming the sense of location and attachment to it, experts’ opinions and judgments were considered based on reviewing texts and related documents on this subject. And by presenting analytical diagrams, roles of these factors in the formation of sense of location and attachment were analyzed. Finally, a permanent location model including the main parameters and factors as well as qualities affecting the formation of   a lasting sense of location in the minds of the public was presented.

Modern international approaches in the landscape design of contemporary monuments as memorial sites of human memory have a specialized landscape design in urban public spaces, which requires comprehensive studies in memorial landscape of Iran. The main question of the research is : "What are the semantic types of the contemporary memorial landscape of Iran?". so the aim of the current research is to develop a typology model of the explicit and implicit meanings of the contemporary monumental landscape, which has been tested in the study sample of the recent centenary memorial landscapes of Iran. The present qualitative research, with using a comparative analytical method, develops a conceptual model of the contemporary Iranian memorial landscapes typology, which is trying to achieve the morphological types of the objective landscape and the content types of the subjective landscape in the representative samples of the contemporary Iranian memorial landscape. Based on this, the explicit meanings of the objective landscapes have been studied through " physical types of monuments ", the implicit meanings of the subjective landscapes through " narrative types of memories " as well as the explicit-implicit meanings with "archetypal types of monuments". In order to form the proposed hypothetical model, the classification of the types was done based on the Theoretical studies, and for testing the hypothesis, each extracted types and sub-types were analyzed by random selection of 2 case studies of the memorial landscape of the recent century in Iran. In the selection of samples to increase the reliability and validity of the research, the case studies were selected in the first stage by the researcher with the tool of observation and review of texts and in the next stage through interview with experts; which three experts in the field of landscape architecture and three experts in the field of landscape architecture reviewed the resulting classification and the desired corrections were applied. The findings indicate that in the typology of contemporary monumental landscapes of Iran, physical types include "macro-scale, medium-scale, and small-scale urban types", narrative types carrying "collective value-narrative, spatial-narrative, and individual-narrative" and archetypal types including "noor water, arch-dome, grave and Stella" which by examining their strengths and weaknesses, the following suggestions have been made for landscape design in the desired types: using the symbolism and social symbols of that society, audience-oriented and considering his role and needs, avoiding the construction of decorative monuments without deep connection with people, combining the work with daily life in public spaces, , Using abstract forms to avoid the representation of pre-prepared narratives, opening the way for free interpretation for different and even contradictory perceptions of memorial space users, avoiding populism in designing a form with the participation of the audience and execution by experts.Considering the necessity of discovering the meaning from the audience of monuments in contemporary counter-monumental landscapes,the current research with a semantic typology in the contemporary memorial landscapes of Iran lays the groundwork for future studies for physical-content investigations on the part of the audience in the face of the memorial landscapes.

Every day, we face architectural designs in buildings, especially in their facades, which are done without considering various factors. The facade plays the most significant role in daily life and can be regarded as one of the most important issue. The components of buildings in urban spaces are said to have a heavy duty in giving identity or reflecting the essence of every society. There is no doubt about the anonymity of today's facades and to they give identity to architecture and urban planning. Spaces, first of all, efforts should be made to improve the quality of their views. The facade of the buildings creates a common visual field with all the people of the city, which the people of the municipality observe every day. Moreover, if this ordinary square has a correct and balanced composition, it will have many effects on the members of the city. The facade does not have a special place in the Iranian contemporary architectural culture, it changes into different shapes and images. That employer users, designers and municipality rules created it. The subject of urban appearance, the dominant face of the city and containing the first messages in the vision of citizens, has been the topic of urban planning discussion, especially since the last half century AD. Due to its close relationship with the category of identity and characteristics of the city, its recognition is complicated, and with the beginning of the modern era and the application of unconventional management based on urban planning law, it gained wide dimensions. A society designed and implemented apart from its culture, tradition and identity is a prelude to its destruction. In our cities, there is no common language between views. They need a familiar culture to express themselves. They use different materials and follow different styles. Every facade in the city is a sign of the economic and social status of the builder and his way of thinking and attitude towards various issues. The dimensions and identity criteria of urban facades are not stated. Therefore, the general goal of the current research is to explain the framework of the components affecting the identity of urban facades. The purpose of this research is to explain the framework for expressing the effective components of the identity of urban facades. This research is applied, and in terms of data collection, it is considered to be a meta-synthesis type of document. In order to identify the pattern of the practical components of the identity of urban views, a number of 179  articles were examined, from which 58  articles were selected for the final analysis with the help of the critical evaluation skills program. In this research, first, 123  indicators representing the identity of urban facades were identified and classified into seven concepts and one category. Based on these research findings, dimensions, components, criteria and factors of ideas, spatial identity, identity, urban identity, urban landscape, urban landscape, architectural landscape and facade are expressed.

The function of the double-skin facade with natural ventilation is based on the thermal performance and airflow of the cavity. Structural features of a naturally ventilated double-skin façade that affect its thermal performance and fluid dynamics include geometric features such as cavity dimensions, airflow path, air inlet, and outlet areas, shading devices material and their location in the cavity, and material properties that are optical and thermal characteristics of transparent skin. In this research, Fluent Software was used to simulate the computational fluid dynamics, and by sensitivity analysis, the effect of changes in structural properties on thermal performance was evaluated. For this aim, 144 simulation scenarios with cavity depths of 30, 60, 90, and 120 cm, inlet and outlet cross-sections of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 m2, louver shadings with 0, 30, 45, 60, and 90 degree angles located at one third distance close to the exterior wall of the façade, the model without shading, exterior glass with regular and low emission layer were investigated, and the following results were obtained:- Cavity Depth: It was observed that as the depth increases, the velocity of airflow in the cavity decreases. Changing the width of the hole changes the surface temperature of the inner glass up to a maximum of 0.80 ° C (up to 2%). As the depth of the cavity increases, the heat flux transmitted through the inner glass surface decreases in most cases (up to 6.5%).- Cross-section: As the cross-section increases, the air velocity in the cavity increases the temperature of the inner glass surface changes irregularly but, in most cases, decreases. In addition, the heat flux passing through the inner glass surface often increases (up to a maximum of 16.3%).- Shading: In the case without shading, the air velocity in the cavity is 0.30 to 0.70 m/s, and in the case with 45 degrees of shading, the air velocity in the cavity is between 0.30 and 0.92 m/s. In the case without shading, the temperature of the inner glass surface changes from 39.3 to 41.0 ° C, and in the case with 45 degrees, changes are between 38.65 to 39.5 ° C. In the case without shading, the heat flux transmitted through the inner glass surface changes from 78.0 to 120.0 W/m2, and in the case with 45 degrees shading, differences between 43.0 to 48.2 W/m2. The sensitivity of the heat flux transmitted through the inner glass surface to the presence or absence of shading can lead to a reduction of the heat flux transmittance through the inner glass surface by up to 61.0%.- Exterior glass type of DSF: In the case without shading, the reduction rate of heat flux from the inner glass surface is 19.44% to 29.78%, and in the case with 45-degree shading is from 17.71% to 24.44%. By changing the exterior glass's material (low emission or regular), the heat flux transmitted through the inner glass surface changes by 32.2 and 120 W/m2.